What is Return on Tangible Equity?
Return on Tangible Equity (ROTE) measures the efficiency with which a company operates and utilize its tangible assets to generate long-term profits.
By comparing the earnings generated by a company’s tangible assets relative to its book value of equity (BVE) – or shareholders’ equity – the return on tangible equity (ROTE) offers insights regarding the efficiency at which the company utilizes its tangible assets to reap profits.
How to Calculate Return on Tangible Equity
The return on tangible equity (ROTE) is a method to determine the efficiency by which a company can generate profits using just its tangible assets.
The calculation of return on tangible equity (ROTE) consists of dividing a company’s net income (the “bottom line”) by its average shareholders’ equity, net of any intangible assets such as goodwill.
Conceptually, the return on tangible equity (ROTE) measures the implied return that shareholders anticipate receiving per dollar of tangible equity invested into the company.
Therefore, the more efficiently a company can spend its tangible assets to generate profits and create positive economic value on behalf of its shareholders, the more likely the company is to attain a sustainable, long-term moat.
The step-by-step process to calculate return on tangible equity is outlined as follows:
- Determine Net Income → The net income metric is the post-tax earnings of a company after deducting all operating and non-operating costs and can be obtained from the income statement.
- Calculate Average Shareholders’ Equity → The shareholders’ equity balance is recorded on the balance sheet, which unlike the income statement (and net income), is a “snapshot” in time as opposed to measuring performance across a time period. Therefore, the average balance of the shareholders’ equity account is used for the calculation to ensure alignment in timing.
- Deduct Intangible Assets → Any intangible assets, such as goodwill, are subtracted from the average shareholders’ equity balance.
- Calculate Return on Tangible Equity (ROTE) → The net income of the company can be divided by the adjusted average shareholders’ equity to determine the return on tangible equity.
Return on Tangible Equity Formula
The formula to calculate the return on tangible equity is as follows.
Where:
- Net Income → Net Income is the post-tax earnings of a company after deducting all expenses, including operating costs like cost of goods sold (COGS) and SG&A, as well as non-operating costs such as income taxes and interest payments. The net income metric represents the accounting profitability of a company, inclusive of all costs.
- Average Shareholders’ Equity → The average shareholders’ equity metric is the average balance of a company’s shareholders’ equity – as recognized on its books – across two periods. The shareholders’ equity line item includes the initial paid-in capital, retained earnings (i.e. the cumulative net income less distribution of dividends), and other capital contributions from shareholders. Thus, the shareholders’ equity metric is essentially a company’s net worth – i.e. total assets minus total liabilities – and measures the value of the collective equity stake.
- Intangible Assets → Intangible assets are non-physical assets that cannot be physically touched, contrary to assets like inventory. Common examples of intangible assets include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and goodwill. While a value is in fact ascribed to the intangible asset, the asset’s fair value cannot be easily quantified (i.e. more reflective of the control premium in M&A, which is influenced by various factors). To remove the value of intangible assets from the average shareholders’ equity, the stated value of the tangible assets is subtracted to focus solely on tangible assets.
The formula to compute the net income and average shareholders’ equity is as follows.
The average shareholders’ equity balance of the company is determined by taking the sum of its beginning and ending balances and dividing by two, which is then adjusted for intangible assets.
Since the value of the intangible assets is readily available on the balance sheet of the company, there is no need for a manual calculation.
