Basics of the LBO Model: “Cocktail Napkin” LBO Analysis
As many of you know, we conduct LBO Modeling boot camps across the globe. We get into relatively sophisticated modeling techniques and teach practitioners how to model out various scenarios. But as former analysts and associates ourselves, we still remember the information-overload way we were taught LBO modeling, so it’s always been apparent to us that amidst all that granularity, practitioners can lose the forest for the trees.
That’s why we always start our LBO classes and LBO self study program with an “LBO on a cocktail napkin” exercise. I’d like to share this exercise with you today.
It’s an easy way to wrap your head around the basics of an LBO. In fact, many of the challenges facing the private equity world are illuminated when all the granularities are monetarily set aside.
Many of us do an LBO in our own lives without even realizing it when we buy a house. Let’s say you are thinking about buying a house for $500,000 (80,000 down payment, $420,000 mortgage) that will serve you as an investment property.
Enterprise Value vs. Equity Value
The enterprise value is the value of the entire property ($500,000), and the initial equity value is the $80,000 down payment. Another way to think about the equity value is to think of it as the residual value after all non-equity claims (in this case, just the $420,000 loan) are paid off.
LBO Analysis Exit Assumptions
Now, let’s say that based on your LBO analysis today, you are assuming 2 things:
- 5 years from now you could sell the house for, say, $550,000
- 5 years from now, the mortgage you’re carrying on the property will decline from $420,000 to $200,000 as cash flows generated through the asset’s operations (rental income) will be sufficient to not only pay interest but to pay down debt principal.*
This implies that you believe the equity value of the property will increase from the original $80,000 down payment to $350,000 ($550,000 – $200,000) at exit. Why? Remember, the equity value of your home is the residual value after all non-equity claims are paid off.
Cashing Out: Exiting the LBO Investment
As a property owner, your options to monetize your investment are limited to selling the property. Private equity investors, on the other hand, can typically monetize their profits by selling the target to another buyer, selling to the public in an IPO, or recapitalizing the business (involves borrowing money again from the banks, which levers up the balance sheet again, and pocketing the proceeds through a dividend.
Caveats
* With a typical mortgage, it takes 30 years to pay down the mortgage, but with an LBO, debt repayments are typically more aggressive (3-7 years) and accomplished through cost-cutting and selling off portions of the business.
LBO Analysis Cocktail Napkin Exercise: Simple Example
With some of the basic intuition laid out in the discussion above, let’s begin our simple LBO example:
It is 2009, and a group of financial sponsors are contemplating taking CVS “private.” The financial sponsors believe that under investor pressure, CVS’ management is under pressure to open too many stores, is spreading itself thin, and is hesitant to slash prices to compete effectively with cheaper drugstores because they’ll miss EPS estimates in the short term.
Taking CVS private would entail that the company undergo a recapitalization to an initially highly-levered capital structure.
We have identified some pre-deal information and made some transaction and exit year assumptions as follows:
1. What is CVS’ assumed purchase price (transaction value) in the exit year?
Answer: $120.0
Comment: Our assumption of $15b in EBITDA and an exit multiple of 8.0x implies a price of $120 at exit
2. What is CVS’ implied equity value at the exit year?
Answer: 116.0
Comment: With a debt burden of $4b at exit, equity value at exit is $120b less the outstanding debt.
3. What is the maximum initial equity contribution by the sponsors?
Answer: 55.9
Comment: Since sponsors expect $116b in equity at exit, they’d be willing to put in no more than $55.9b at the initial deal date given their 20% required annualized return. Formula: $116/(1+20%)^4.
4. What is the maximum initial transaction value?
Answer: 93.4
Comment: Lenders are willing to lend no more than $37.5b; sponsors are willing to invest no more than $55.9b. As a result, no more than $93.4b is available to pay the pre-deal lenders and shareholders.
5. What is the highest purchase price the sponsors would be willing to pay for each of CVS’ shares today?
Answer: $55.63
Comment: Of the $93.4b in funds available to LBO CVS, $10b goes to pay off pre-deal CVS debt, while the remaining $83.4 is used to buy the 1.5b CVS shares outstanding. Formula: $83.4/1.5 = $55.63/share.
6. Given CVS’ market trading level, is an LBO possible under these assumptions?
Answer: Yes
Comment: Current CVS shares trade for $30; $55.63 represents a substantial premium.
Further Reading on LBO Analysis and Models
- LBO Modeling Video Quick Lesson – A video lesson on how to build a simple LBO for beginners.
- Top 25 Private Equity Interview Questions – Baseline knowledge around the technical aspects you’ll be expected to know in PE interviews.
- Paper LBO Test – Given at earlier rounds, you’ll get a pen and paper (no calculator) and 5–10 minutes
- Basic LBO Modeling Test – You’re given a laptop, simple instructions and ~30 minutes – this serves as a slightly more robust early-round screen than the Paper LBO
- Standard LBO Modeling Test – You’re given a laptop and 1–2 hours. This is the most common LBO Modeling Test given at lower-middle market and middle-market PE firms.
- Advanced LBO Modeling Test – You’re given a Laptop, a 5-15 page packet of financial data, and 3–4 hours. You’re most likely to see this from upper-middle market firms or mega-funds in the later rounds of the interview process.
