Types of Private Equity LBO Exit Strategies
There are three exit options for private equity firms seeking to exit an investment and realize returns.
- Sale to Strategic → A strategic buyer is a corporate acquirer that frequently operates in the same or an adjacent industry as the target. Exiting to a strategic is typically the least time-consuming while also fetching higher valuations because strategics can and typically will pay a premium for potential synergies.
- Secondary Buyout → The next exit option is a secondary buyout, or “sponsor-to-sponsor” deal. As mentioned earlier, a secondary buyout refers to the sale of a portfolio company to another private firm, i.e. a financial sponsor. Contrary to strategic buyers, financial buyers are unable to pay outsized premiums since synergies cannot be realized, albeit the trend of add-ons has raised the ceiling on the purchase prices that private equity firms can offer to pay. Thus, financial sponsors participating in an auction process for a potential add-on can be more competitive regarding pricing.
- Initial Public Offering (IPO): The third exit option is for the portfolio company to undergo an initial public offering (IPO) and become a publicly traded company. However, the percentage of portfolio companies that are candidates to undergo an IPO is limited relative to the number of buyouts, i.e. an IPO exit tends to be exclusive to top-tier private firms operating in the upper middle market (usually via club deals) and mega-funds such as Carlyle, Blackstone, and KKR.
Secondary Buyout Performance: Historical Returns
On the date of the initial buyout, most private equity firms tend to view a secondary buyout as a back-up plan (and a less desirable exit).
In fact, there is substantial evidence supporting the claim that secondary buyouts tend to exhibit lower fund returns.
Learn More → On Secondary Buyouts (Source: Journal of Financial Economics)
Sponsor-to-Sponsor Deals (SBO): Pros and Cons
The main benefit of a secondary buyout for the seller is the convenience factor and the immediate liquidity post-sale, i.e. a sponsor-to-sponsor process tends to close more quickly.
Moreover, the original investment thesis of the firm might have changed over time, or the performance of their strategies might not have materialized to date. Therefore, the seller might take the risk-averse approach of exiting the investment, even if it means the returns are less than their fund’s target returns profile, i.e. the internal rate of return (IRR).
Since the portfolio company—in all likelihood—has implemented the standard operational improvements and strategies to drive growth and improve profit margins, the value-add opportunities for the buyer could potentially be limited.
In short, the remaining upside and potential to earn out-sized returns from the secondary buyout can be unfavorable to the new buyer.
Therefore, there must be a clear rationale for the buyer to take on the challenge of improving the previously PE-backed company and creating more value, i.e. the new sponsor must bring something to the table that the prior sponsor could not provide or chose not to.
For example, the sponsor on the buying end might view the past decisions and current direction of the company as being outright wrong with missed opportunities to achieve more growth, resulting in poor current financial performance.
The value drivers of an LBO—from a high level—are essentially the same for all private equity firms, e.g. debt repayment, operational improvements, and multiple expansion. However, the methods to derive the maximum value from each lever are where differences arise.
For instance, one firm might view introducing new products and expanding into new markets as the ideal strategy, whereas another firm might think a growth plan oriented around add-ons and industry consolidation as the better route.
The size and resources of the firm are another critical consideration, as the scope of the value-add differs by the firm (e.g. depending on existing portfolio companies, the firm’s executive team that will soon join the board post-buyout, industry expertise, and the existing relationships).
In certain cases, the seller might understand there is untapped potential in the portfolio company, yet still decide to exit the investment because of limited resources and the inability to take on the risk.
As a side benefit, the fact that the portfolio company’s management team has experience operating a company with a significant amount of debt on its capital structure can be advantageous to the new owner, i.e. management is well-experienced with the pressures of running a company with a large debt burden, namely being able to meet the interest payments.
