Liquidity Ratio

How to Calculate Liquidity Ratio?

Liquidity is defined as how quickly an asset can be converted into cash.

Therefore, assets that can be sold and turned into cash in a short amount of time are considered to be highly liquid (and vice versa for assets with low liquidity).

Other than cash itself, common examples of current assets recorded on the balance sheet with the highest liquidity include:

• Treasury Bills
• Treasury Bonds
• Certificate of Deposits (CDs)
• Marketable Securities
• Short-Term Investments
• Money Market Funds

The current assets listed above are often consolidated within the “Cash and Cash Equivalents” line item.

Other current assets considered to be highly liquid include:

• Accounts Receivable (A/R)
• Inventory

However, the actual liquidity of these assets tends to be dependent on the company (and financial circumstances).

For instance, accounts receivable – the uncollected payments from customers that paid on credit – are not guaranteed to be received (i.e. “bad A/R”) and can be time-consuming to collect.

As for inventory, finding interested buyers can require steep discounts, so the sale price is often lower than the value as stated on the books (or could even remain unsold).

With that said, liquidity ratios can come in various forms, but the most common are as follows.

• Current Ratio
• Quick Ratio
• Cash Ratio
• Net Working Capital (NWC) % Revenue
• Net Debt

The pattern among each of these measures of liquidity is the short-term focus and the amount of value placed on current assets (rather than current liabilities).

1. Current Ratio Formula

The current ratio measures a company’s capacity to pay off all its short-term obligations.

• Current Assets – Cash & Equivalents, Marketable Securities, Accounts Receivable (A/R), Inventory
• Current Liabilities – Accounts Payable (A/P), Accrued Expenses, Short-Term Debt

The current ratio includes all current assets that can be converted into cash within one year and all current liabilities with maturities within one year.

Generally, a current ratio around 1.5x to 3.0x is considered “healthy,” with a current ratio of <1.0x being a sign of impending liquidity problems.

2. Quick Ratio Formula

The quick ratio is a more stringent variation of the current ratio, including only the most liquid assets – or more specifically, assets that can be converted into cash within 90 days with a high degree of certainty.

While dependent on the specific industry, the quick ratio should generally exceed >1.0x.

3. Cash Ratio Formula

Of the ratios listed thus far, the cash ratio is the most conservative measure of liquidity.

The cash ratio measures a company’s ability to meet short-term obligations using only cash and cash equivalents (e.g. marketable securities).

If the cash ratio equals 1.0x, the company has exactly enough cash and cash equivalents to pay off short-term liabilities, so anything higher would be considered a positive sign (i.e. cash & equivalents are adequate).

4. Net Working Capital to Revenue Ratio Formula (NWC)

Net working capital (NWC) is equivalent to current operating assets (i.e. excluding cash & equivalents) less current operating liabilities (i.e. excluding debt and debt-like instruments).

The NWC metric indicates whether a company has cash tied up within operations or sufficient cash to meet its near-term working capital needs.

• Positive NWC ➝ More Cash is Tied Up in Operations, Less Free Cash Flows
• Negative NWC ➝ Less Cash is Tied Up in Operations, More Free Cash Flows

With that said, from a liquidity standpoint, a negative NWC is preferred over a positive NWC.

There is no set percentage that all companies strive for, as the optimal level of NWC is dependent on the company’s specific industry and business model, but higher ratios are typically perceived negatively.

Higher NWC/Revenue ratios mean that more current assets are locked up in the business, which reduces liquidity – e.g. the company is struggling to collect cash payments from customers that paid on credit or facing difficulty in selling off inventory.

5. Net Debt Formula

The net debt is a measure of how much of a company’s short-term and long-term debt obligations could be paid off right now with the amount of cash available on its balance sheet.

Note that the net debt metric is not a liquidity ratio (i.e. includes long-term debt) but is still a useful metric to evaluate a company’s liquidity.

If two identical companies have the same amount of debt in their capital structure – but one has a lower net debt balance – it can be implied that this company has comparatively more liquidity (and reduced risk).

Liquidity Ratio Calculator

We’ll now move to a modeling exercise, which you can access by filling out the form below.

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Liquidity Ratio Calculation Example

Suppose we’re tasked with analyzing the liquidity risk of a company with the following financial data.