What is Adjusted EBITDA?
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP profit metric determined by the discretionary add-backs dictated by a company’s management team. While many add-backs are broadly accepted, such as restructuring fees and one-time litigation settlements, there is much debate surrounding the proper treatment of items such as stock-based compensation.
How to Calculate Adjusted EBITDA?
Companies are required to file financial statements in accordance with accrual accounting rules that are called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). GAAP gives you some leeway about which expenses you can capitalize (like PP&E) and which you expense (like advertising expenses), but for the most part, you are bound to a rigid set of rules for presenting financial statements.
The problem with this rigidity is that accrual accounting has its shortcomings.
For example, two identical companies might show vastly different net incomes simply because the depreciation & amortization (D&A) expense (an expense that reduces net income) is estimated in different ways: Say the first company assigned a 10-year useful life to its assets while the other assigned 20 years – the 20-year assumption would lead to a higher net income figure.
Since the two companies are identical, and it is simply a management assumption that is distorting the net income line, many analysts adjust net income to ignore expenses like D&A that distort the picture of “true” profitability. These adjustments are called “non-GAAP” adjustments, and they are supposed to cure certain issues accrual accounting presents.
The most common “non-GAAP” metric of profitability is EBITDA (pronounced “ee-bit-duh”). It used to simply mean “earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation & amortization.” The idea was to give analysts a way to compare across companies irrespective of leverage (hence the removal of interest expense), taxes (where various deductions and different jurisdictions can distort seeing “core operating performance”), and D&A. When used correctly, EBITDA as a measure of profits has some real benefits. But it also has several drawbacks and is often misused. And that’s before analysts started shoving even more adjustments into it, like stock based compensation, gains and losses, etc.
Learn More → EBITDA Quick Primer
Adjusted EBITDA: Examples of Normalization Adjustments
No universal standard applies to EBITDA since it is non-GAAP. Companies love using it because they can publish “adjusted EBITDA” figures that remove a variety of expenses from net income, distracting analysts from ugly net income figures and instead focusing on beautiful, consistent, and growing adjusted EBITDA results.
Source: AEP Inc. Q3 2015 10Q
And for some, like Hedge Fund billionaire Dan Loeb, it has gotten to the point where the cure is worse than disease.
