Why Does Warren Buffett Dislike EBITDA?
While EBITDA is among the most widely used metrics in corporate finance, it receives widespread criticism, with Warren Buffett being one of the most outspoken proponents.
According to Buffett, EBITDA is not reflective of a company’s true financial performance due to neglecting capital expenditures (Capex) and changes in working capital, among various other issues.
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What are the Limitations of EBITDA?
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, or “EBITDA” for short, is the most widely used proxy for operating cash flow.
In particular, EBITDA is a useful metric for facilitating comparisons because EBITDA is independent of the capital structure – i.e. unaffected by financing decisions – as well as the tax rates.
However, EBITDA receives significant criticism for its many flaws, especially the fact that EBITDA does NOT account for two major cash outflows:
- Capital Expenditure (Capex)
- Change in Net Working Capital (NWC)
Berkshire Hathaway Letter | Warren Buffett Quote
Warren Buffett on Capex (Source: 2000 Berkshire Hathaway Letter)
EBITDA, unlike metrics such as operating income (EBIT) and net income, is a non-GAAP metric that is affected by management discretion on which items to add back or deduct.
While in theory, the adjustments are performed to portray the core recurring financial performance of the company, the lack of standardization and room for subjective judgment can lead to “creativity” in terms of how EBITDA is calculated.
By removing non-operational and non-recurring expenses, EBITDA is meant to depict a clearer picture of the profitability of a company.
EBITDA has become widespread to the point that public filings have a separate section for the EBITDA reconciliation – albeit EBITDA is still not recognized as a formal GAAP metric under accrual accounting.
For example, many companies nowadays claim to become profitable, but only on an adjusted EBITDA basis (which is often inclusive of many subjective adjustments).
The reason these issues matter is that EBITDA removes real expenses that a company must actually spend capital on – e.g. interest expense, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.
As a result, using EBITDA as a standalone profitability metric can be misleading, especially for capital-intensive companies.
Well said