EV/Revenue Multiple

How to Calculate EV/Revenue Multiple?

To briefly review, valuation multiples are measures of a particular financial metric as a ratio of another, with the intention of serving as a basis for comparison between different companies.

The EV/Revenue multiple is most applicable for early-stage companies with high growth. Oftentimes, these types of companies are either unprofitable or have limited profitability, which inhibits the use of certain multiples like the EV/EBITDA multiple.

For the EV/EBITDA, EV/EBIT, and other related multiples to be effective valuation tools, the companies in the comps set must be near or in the mature stages of their life cycles with relatively stable operations and positive earnings.

Otherwise, the median or mean calculated from the peer group of companies under comparison will not be meaningful or provide minimal insight into how the market values specific qualities of companies in the relevant industry.

In the case of the enterprise value-to-revenue multiple, the two components are as follows:

1. Enterprise Value (EV): The total valuation of the firm’s operating assets and liabilities.
2. Revenue: The annual sales of a company, which is most commonly expressed on a last twelve months (LTM) or next twelve months (NTM) basis.

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EV/Revenue Formula

A valuation multiple will consist of a metric depicting value (i.e. price) in the numerator, with a metric tracking operating performance in the denominator.

The enterprise value to revenue multiple formula is as follows.

To reiterate from earlier, this particular multiple is typically used for companies unprofitable not only at the net income level (the “bottom line”) but also at the operating income (EBIT) and EBITDA line.

Since more time is required for the companies to normalize and develop to a more sustainable level that is more practical in terms of comparability, the multiple could be extended for several projected years (e.g. NFY + 1, so two years forward) if the circumstances are appropriate.

Enterprise Value to Revenue Multiple in SaaS Industry Valuation

For a significant percentage of early-stage SaaS companies, venture investors can be forced to use the EV/Revenue multiple to value potential investments.

Given the absence of profits and a subscription-based business model that makes near-term profitability under accrual accounting a poor indicator of a company’s future prospects, it should not come as a surprise that the EV/Revenue multiple is heavily relied upon for these types of high growth companies, but ordinarily a “last resort” option rather than a preferential choice.

What is a Good EV to Revenue Ratio?

A higher EV/Revenue multiple relative to competitors implies the market believes that the company can generate revenue more efficiently in the future (and are willing to pay a premium for each dollar of sales).

For investors pursuing undervalued companies (e.g. public equities) to purchase and obtain more profitable returns, the lower the EV/Revenue multiple, the better.

A lower multiple can signal that a company is potentially undervalued and a worthwhile investment to pursue.

But one significant limitation of the metric is that paying for growth is a subjective decision and just because a company’s multiple is high, it does NOT necessarily indicate the company is overvalued (e.g. Tesla, Amazon).

Here, investors are pricing in the potential (and positive outlook) for the company to monetize its customer base better, which can be a risky yet often profitable bet.

Additionally, the multiple places significant weight on revenue as the primary valuation driver.

While growth in sales is one of the most influential factors in corporate valuation, other considerations like profitability and free cash flows (FCFs) gain more importance over time, especially as companies mature.

EV/Revenue Calculator

We’ll now move on to a modeling exercise, which you can access by filling out the form below.

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EV to Revenue Multiple Calculation Example

In our example scenario, the company we’ll be looking at has an enterprise value (EV) of $500m, which will grow by $10m in the subsequent periods.

• Last Twelve Months (LTM): $500m EV
• Next Fiscal Year (NFY): $510m EV
• Two-Year Forward (NFY + 1): $520m EV

Since we have projected our numerator, the enterprise value, we can move onto the denominator(s).

As of the last twelve months, the following operating assumptions are used:

• Revenue (LTM): $200m
• EBIT (LTM): – $50m
• EBITDA (LTM): – $20m

For each period of the forecast, revenue, EBIT, and EBITDA grow by a step function of $50m (i.e. increase each year by said amount).

Now, all that remains is dividing the enterprise value (EV) by the applicable financial metric to calculate the three valuation multiples.

For instance, to calculate the EV/Revenue multiple, we divide the enterprise value by the revenue generated in the relevant period.

• EV/Rev. (LTM): $500m / $200m = 2.5x
• EV/Rev. (NFY): $510m / $250m = 2.0x
• EV/Rev. (NFY + 1): $520m / $300m = 1.7x

From the completed output sheet posted below, we can observe how the revenue multiple remains within a narrow range in all three periods.

In contrast, the EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA multiples are not meaningful (NM) for the earlier periods due to the company being unprofitable.

But once the company gradually begins to turn profitable, the reliance on a revenue multiple would likely decline, as current profitability (and potential for margin expansion) start to drive the valuation increasingly more.

To conclude, EV/Revenue – despite its numerous drawbacks – can nevertheless be a practical measure of value and facilitate comparisons among high-growth, unprofitable companies.

Similar to most variations of multiples analysis, beyond just calculating the multiple itself, you should also appraise a target company’s strategic positioning within a sector and gain insights into the industry-specific factors that cause higher (or lower) valuations.